What are the signs of sodium overdose?

The signs of sodium overdose primarily involve neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms due to the effects of hypernatremia (elevated sodium levels in the blood). Nausea and vomiting occur as the body attempts to regulate the high sodium levels, leading to gastrointestinal distress. Confusion is often observed due to the impact of sodium on neuronal function and fluid balance in the brain, which can disturb cognitive processes. Seizures are a severe manifestation that can result from the significant shifts in fluid that hypernatremia can cause, leading to cellular dysfunction and neuronal excitability.

Other options presented do not accurately reflect the physiological effects of sodium overdose. Fatigue, hair loss, and fever are not specifically linked to sodium levels; rather, they could indicate a wide range of conditions or medications rather than a direct effect of sodium toxicity. Headaches, rash, and dizziness are also nonspecific symptoms that can stem from various causes unrelated to sodium overdose. Increased thirst, dry mouth, and cramps are typically associated with dehydration or conditions causing a deficit of water rather than an overdose of sodium itself. Therefore, the symptoms of nausea, vomiting, confusion, and seizures are the most directly related to the acute effects of high sodium levels in the body.